Larry Dignan

Editor in Chief of Constellation Insights Constellation Research

About Larry Dignan: Dignan was most recently Celonis Media’s Editor-in-Chief, where he sat at the intersection of media and marketing. He is the former Editor-in-Chief of ZDNet and has covered the technology industry and transformation trends for more than two decades, publishing articles in CNET, Knowledge@Wharton, Wall Street Week, Interactive Week, The New York Times, and Financial Planning. He is also an Adjunct Professor at Temple University and a member of the Advisory Board for The Fox Business School's Institute of Business and Information Technology.  Constellation Insights does the following: Cover the buy side and sell side of enterprise tech with news, analysis, profiles, interviews, and event coverage of vendors, as well as Constellation Research's community and…...

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Lenovo launched an all-in-one virtual reality headset, ThinkReality VRX, that's aimed at enterprise use cases including employee training, collaboration and design. Lenovo's announcement lands days ahead of Apple's mixed reality headset that will reportedly launch at WWDC June 5.

While Apple's headset for developers is likely to garner headlines next week, enterprise VR will be a core topic at the AWE USA conference this week.

Enterprise use cases for VR make the most sense to date as consumer adoption has been slow. Meta has bet big on the metaverse and its Oculus brand, but the effort hasn't delivered returns.

Lenovo's ThinkReality VRX starts at $1,299 and will be powered by the Snapdragon XR2+ Gen 1 processor. Lenovo is also including the ThinkReality VRX in its device as a service offering. Lenovo already offers the ThinkReality A3, an augmented reality headset.

ThinkReality VRX, which also had hand controllers, includes the following features:

• Slim form factor with pancake optics and a 6900 mAh battery that's positioned for weight distribution.
• A venting system that channels heat from the display away from a user's face.
• Support for mobile device management programs.
• Support for Snapdragon Spaces XR Developer Platform and OpenXR-based SDK.
• Android 12, 95-degree field of vision, 4-camera 6DoF optical tracking, 12GB of RAM, 128GB of storage and 2280 x 2280 resolution per eye.

On Lenovo's fourth quarter earnings conference call, Kirk Skaugen, president of the company's infrastructure solutions group, said omniverse and metaverse are part of the growth strategy. 

"We're in collaboration with Microsoft and Nvidia and we are currently installing and building the world's largest Omniverse instance in the cloud. And I think we're very excited about that. We're working with some of the largest automotive companies in the world as they build new factories for their electric vehicles new digital twins for the factories, planning next-generation smart cities, planning next-generation 5G networks. So Metaverse, Omniverse is a critical part of our AI story. And of course, Lenovo is unique because we can do Edge to cloud and pocket to cloud. So we have the AR/VR devices. We have the workstations, where the servers only have the storage, which means we're simplifying that for our end users."

Related Shortlists:

• Augmented Meeting Services
• Augmented Reality Platforms
• Augmented Business Intelligence and Analytics
• Metaverse Design and Services
• Metaverse Development Platforms

Larry Dignan

Editor in Chief of Constellation Insights Constellation Research

About Larry Dignan: Dignan was most recently Celonis Media’s Editor-in-Chief, where he sat at the intersection of media and marketing. He is the former Editor-in-Chief of ZDNet and has covered the technology industry and transformation trends for more than two decades, publishing articles in CNET, Knowledge@Wharton, Wall Street Week, Interactive Week, The New York Times, and Financial Planning. He is also an Adjunct Professor at Temple University and a member of the Advisory Board for The Fox Business School's Institute of Business and Information Technology.  Constellation Insights does the following: Cover the buy side and sell side of enterprise tech with news, analysis, profiles, interviews, and event coverage of vendors, as well as Constellation Research's community and…...

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Niraj Patel, CIO of multifamily lender Greystone, has a knack for bringing digital transformation to the financial services and real estate industries.

Greystone's Patel has led teams at DMI, IBM. Selex and GMAC before coming to Greystone. Through all of those CXO roles, Patel brought innovation, value and data lens to projects.

I caught up with Patel to talk about generative AI, vendor management and creating value with data. Here's a recap of our conversation.

CIO challenges. "Most challenges of CIOs aren't about technology, but adoption, change management and value creation," said Patel. "How do we bring that technology in and get productivity for the customer?"

Examples of value. Patel said CIOs need to know their industry and what really matters. For instance, in financial services and real estate success is a leverage game and that means interest rates are everything. "Technology is nice, but if we can arm sales folks with better information and insights they can get a better rate," said Patel.

Generative AI and AI. Patel is a veteran of using AI and noted that the technology has been around for a while. In 2012, Patel oversaw a project to use AI to predict energy efficiency. Later, AI was used for vision and natural language processing. "Today all of those pieces can be working together for generative AI," said Patel, who noted that streamlined forms and wider data sets can drive productivity.

One example would be property inspections where the inspector on scene captures forms, pictures and videos. AI can analyze unstructured data which can then be combined with the company's financial data and third-party data on the structure of the building as well as its content. "AI brings granularity to the inspection," said Patel.

Chatbots vs. generative AI. Greystone has invested in chatbot technology and robotics process automation. Now generative AI and technologies like ChatGPT can advance the ball. When asked about chatbot sprawl, Patel said it helps to put guardrails around the technology and the data sets used. "We think generative AI can accelerate chatbots to make them more individualistic and bring interactions to you specifically," said Patel. "Today chatbots are more generic horizontal ones, but they can become more vertical with the enterprise data it's accessing."

Large language models. When it came to LLMs, Patel said there's an art to using foundational models and tuning them with enterprise data. Using off-the-shelf models is about acquiring data from the outside world. "Off the shelf is data about the building and what's around," said Patel. "Financial data like underwriting and rents are my domain."

Integration. The various data sets in a commercial real estate transaction will require integration. For instance, property managers have one software platform and lenders have another. Then there's the decision on where to put the data, which will be partly on premises and cloud. Patel said mobile devices can also process data. "We'll probably want more processing on the edge," said Patel. "You also need to decide whether you want just actionable data or everything."

Vendor management. Patel said he prefers to have a set of vendors that can provide innovation and be manageable. Greystone is a Microsoft shop so leveraging Azure is a natural fit. However, Patel said he works with Google Cloud and AWS too as well as smaller vendors.

"Having all big vendors is a problem so we have smaller ones too. I break vendors up into small, medium, and large, but we don't do too many and all of them need a strong integration later," said Patel. "Smaller vendors bring speed and more innovative thinking. Smaller players are also more functional in nature."

Dion Hinchcliffe

Vice President and Principal Analyst Constellation Research

Title: About Dion Hinchcliffe Dion Hinchcliffe is an internationally recognized business strategist, bestselling author, enterprise architect, industry analyst, and noted keynote speaker. He is widely regarded as one of the most influential figures in digital strategy, the future of work, and enterprise IT. He works with the leadership teams of large enterprises as well as software vendors to raise the bar for the art-of-the-possible in their digital capabilities. He is currently Vice President and Principal Analyst at Constellation Research. Dion is also currently an executive fellow at the Tuck School of Business Center for Digital Strategies. He is a globally recognized industry expert on the topics of digital transformation, digital workplace, enterprise collaboration, API…...

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This week's big announcements at Microsoft Build 2023 mostly centered, as one might expect these days, around the adoption of artificial intelligence across Microsoft's various products. And by AI, specifically it's generative AI based on vast foundation models that is the focus these days. The well-known annual developer conference in Seattle was a veritable hotbed of AI news, featuring a series of updates aimed at making the company's flagship Windows operating system and productivity apps smarter, more intuitive, and potentially more ubiquitous​​.

Since the AI-powered Bing's launch earlier this year, users have engaged in over half a billion chats and created more than 200 million images using the Bing Image Creator. Furthermore, daily downloads of the Bing mobile app have seen an eightfold increase since launch, demonstrating the substantial interest in this AI enhancement​, especially as it also provides still-rarified access to the latest version of the OpenAI's most powerful new large language model, GPT-4​. The conference also marked a new stage in the partnership between Microsoft and OpenAI, as Bing was integrated into ChatGPT, a move that promises to provide users with more grounded answers and easy-to-access citations​.

But by far the most interesting news for digital workplace and end-user computing professionals was Microsoft's many announcements aimed at incorporating AI into important aspects of the company's desktop platform and productivity applications.

AI is Coming for All Your Microsoft Products (and the Data in Them)

Further complementing the scope of Copilot announcements for Microsoft365 a couple of months ago, Microsoft introduced a native OS AI "Copilot", designed to edit, summarize, create, and compare documents across Windows 11. This tool will provide quick access to personalized answers and relevant suggestions and can perform tasks such as changing a screensaver or turning on Bluetooth. This integration of an AI 'copilot' into Microsoft's platforms is a significant move and is widely seen as a watershed moment for the future of computing as a key way to accelerate work, amplify innovation, and eliminate tedious tasks.

This major announcement moves Microsoft's generative AI capabilities directly onto the desktop. Dubbed Copilot for Windows 11, the tool helps users edit, summarize, create, and compare documents across Windows 11 just as it underscores the company's ambitious plans for AI integration​​. Microsoft's latest Work Trend Index research -- you can read my detailed summary of its fjndings -- has shown that workers are spending two full days of the work week managing email and attending meetings, leading to a growing demand for such AI assistants to tackle and/or reduce the growing volume of digital work​​.

Copilot in Windows 11 sits right alongside the desktop to provide instant AI assistance

Microsoft 365 Copilot is now the overall brand for end-user AI assistance, which combines the power of AI foundation models directly with users' business data in Microsoft Graph and Microsoft 365 apps. Copilot aims to streamline virtually all types of work and increase productivity​​. Another key highlight of the conference was the announcement of extensibility for Microsoft 365 Copilot with plugins to greatly enrich what an AI assistant can do. This move is designed to empower developer everywhere to integrate their apps and services into Microsoft 365 Copilot, aiming to reach hundreds of millions of users and create productive, AI-powered new ways of working​​. Microsoft announced three types of plugins for Microsoft 365 Copilot: ChatGPT plugins, Teams message extensions, and Microsoft Power Platform connectors. The latter will allow developers to use existing software and tooling investments and skills​.

Copilot Whiteboard in Microsoft Teams can auto-generate ideas, organize ideas into themes, create designs

Customers in the Microsoft 365 Copilot Early Access Program will have access to over 50 plugins from partners such as Atlassian, Adobe, ServiceNow, Thomson Reuters, Moveworks, and Mural, with thousands of additional plugins being enabled in the coming months​​.

In terms of user safety and protections, Microsoft announced it is continuing to add AI safety technology such as the ability to help users determine if images are AI-generated based on information included in their metadata​​. Many other safety mechanisms are planned, something that IT administrators and CISOs will care greatly about.

Developers can now create Teams message extensions today that will function as plugins for Microsoft 365 Copilot, with the company introducing new capabilities in Teams Toolkit to make it easier to create, test, and debug plugins​​.

The new Semantic Index for Copilot is a sophisticated AI map of your user and company data

In terms of its line of business apps, Microsoft 365 Copilot can now also access structured data from Microsoft Dynamics 365 and Microsoft Power Platform stored in Microsoft Dataverse, meaning Copilot responses will be grounded in business data in addition to user data in Microsoft Graph​​, which is certainly turning into the strategic business data platform I long suspected it would become.

Remarkably, the news above only scratches the surface of what Microsoft announced at Microsoft Build, with many other niche but significant AI announcements that will be challenging to fully absorb for many of their customers. But the arrival of powerful, democratized AI is a game-changing event in the industry, and most vendors know the stakes: Don't adopt AI fast enough, and users may vote with their feet for platforms that provide the potent capabilities that the latest AI systems have proven to deliver

IT Departments: Starting Preparing for Copilot Now

Wrapping up, the Microsoft Build 2023 conference heralded a new era of AI advancements, with a strong focus on increasing user productivity and streamlining workflows. The integration of Bing into ChatGPT and the expansion of Microsoft's AI tool, Copilot, each demonstrate in their own way Microsoft's commitment to harnessing the power of AI for practical, everyday use. The introduction of plugins for Microsoft 365 Copilot, coupled with robust user safety measures, reflect a vision of a more efficient and user-friendly AI-enabled future. But the star of the show by many accounts was Copilot for Windows 11, which is being billed as the first major AI assistant for a PC platform.

These advancements are likely to have a significant impact on what businesses can achieve with technology in their daily work, ushering in a new era of convenience and productivity for those that adopt them. My recommendation is that digital workplace and employee experience teams immediately begin researching these new additions to Microsoft's platforms and applications thoroughly and train users on the ones that have meaningful impact as they become available, using digital adoption tools if necessary to broadly help with uptake. The rewards for most workers are considerable and for now, the risks appear to remain manageable, but AI skills will soon become the long pole in getting value, not feature availability.

My Related Research

How Generative AI Has Supercharged the Future of Work

Analysis of the White House's Guidance on Responsible AI Research, Development, and Deployment

How Leading Digital Workplace Vendors Are Enabling Hybrid Work

Every Worker is a Digital Artisan of Their Career Now

How to Think About and Prepare for Hybrid Work

Why Community Belongs at the Center of Today’s Remote Work Strategies

Reimagining the Post-Pandemic Employee Experience

It’s Time to Think About the Post-2023 Employee Experience

Research Report: Building a Next-Generation Employee Experience

Revisiting How to Cultivate Connected Organizations in an Age of Coronavirus

How Work Will Evolve in a Digital Post-Pandemic Society

A Checklist for a Modern Core Digital Workplace and/or Intranet

Creating the Modern Digital Workplace and Employee Experience

The Challenging State of Employee Experience and Digital Workplace Today

The Most Vital Hybrid Work Management Skill: Network Leadership

Larry Dignan

Editor in Chief of Constellation Insights Constellation Research

About Larry Dignan: Dignan was most recently Celonis Media’s Editor-in-Chief, where he sat at the intersection of media and marketing. He is the former Editor-in-Chief of ZDNet and has covered the technology industry and transformation trends for more than two decades, publishing articles in CNET, Knowledge@Wharton, Wall Street Week, Interactive Week, The New York Times, and Financial Planning. He is also an Adjunct Professor at Temple University and a member of the Advisory Board for The Fox Business School's Institute of Business and Information Technology.  Constellation Insights does the following: Cover the buy side and sell side of enterprise tech with news, analysis, profiles, interviews, and event coverage of vendors, as well as Constellation Research's community and…...

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Workday reported better-than-expected fiscal first quarter results and named Zane Rowe, formerly of VMware, as CFO effective June 12.

The finance and HR software provider reported a breakeven first quarter on revenue of $1.68 billion, up 17.4% from a year ago. Non-GAAP earnings were $1.31 a share.

Wall Street was expecting Workday to report non-GAAP earnings of $1.12 a share on revenue of $1.58 billion.

• How Generative AI Has Supercharged the Future of Work
• How Leading Digital Workplace Vendors Are Enabling Hybrid Work

In a statement, Workday co-CEO Aneel Bhusri said the company intends to build on the AI and machine learning capabilities in its platform. Carl Eschenbach, co-CEO, Workday, said the company will continue to take an industry-first approach with its ecosystem.

Bhusri said on an earnings conference call:

"We have the quantity and quality of data that further differentiates us, meaning that we not only have access to an enormous amount of data due to the more than 60 million users representing more than 600 billion transactions over the last year. But we also have a unified data model that allows us to build and train models"

He said that Workday has been leveraging AI and large language models for years. "We believe we need to look past the hype cycle and identify the real ways our customers can extract business value from LLMs," said Bhusri. 

Bhusri added that Workday is looking at generative AI for content generation, perhaps performance reviews. 

"There are other SKUs coming down the road. There's content generation. You could think about the one that everybody talks about, performance reviews as an example. There are ways to monetize it, but we want to make sure it's a brand-new product that couldn't be built without it. And I would just say stay tuned. You'll see us start rolling things out, but we're doing things around generative AI very carefully to make sure that we follow our path on ethics and security and doing it the right way."

As for the outlook, Workday projected fiscal 2024 subscription revenue to be between $6.55 billion and $6.57 billion. In a nutshell, Workday raised the lower end of its previous guidance range. For the second quarter, Workday projected subscription revenue to be between $1.611 billion and $1.613 billion. Non-GAAP operating margin for fiscal 2024 will be 23%.

Rowe will take over for current Workday CFO Barbara Larson, who is leaving to spend more time with his family. Rowe was most recently CFO of VMware. Before VMware, Rowe was CFO at EMC and CFO at United Airlines.

Larry Dignan

Editor in Chief of Constellation Insights Constellation Research

About Larry Dignan: Dignan was most recently Celonis Media’s Editor-in-Chief, where he sat at the intersection of media and marketing. He is the former Editor-in-Chief of ZDNet and has covered the technology industry and transformation trends for more than two decades, publishing articles in CNET, Knowledge@Wharton, Wall Street Week, Interactive Week, The New York Times, and Financial Planning. He is also an Adjunct Professor at Temple University and a member of the Advisory Board for The Fox Business School's Institute of Business and Information Technology.  Constellation Insights does the following: Cover the buy side and sell side of enterprise tech with news, analysis, profiles, interviews, and event coverage of vendors, as well as Constellation Research's community and…...

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Snowflake's first quarter earnings results were solid, but the company's outlook fell short of expectations. What followed were questions about demand vs. cost optimization. Snowflake's responses highlighted the moving parts in IT spending at the moment.

The company projected fiscal year revenue to be about $2.6 billion, below Wall Street estimates of $2.71 billion. Snowflake cut its outlook last quarter too.

Here's a look at the takeaways.

The CFOs are in charge. Chief financial officers watch CNBC too and are just as unsettled about the economy as everyone else. First, there was optimization (also known as cost cutting), but now there's also rationalization. Snowflake CEO Frank Slootman said on Snowflake's earnings conference call:

"One of the things that we've seen happen over the last couple of quarters is that the CFO is in the business. And this is sort of an expression that we use in enterprise that they're selling is that there is a level of oversight scrutiny that's normally not there. And this is not a frequent occurrence. You only see this happening in fairly severe episodes.

MARKET OVERVIEW: Analytics and Business Intelligence Evolve for Cloud, Embedding, and Generative AI

In the beginning it's like, "Hey, we do smaller contracts, short-term contracts," but then it's like, "Hey, you're going to live within your means. Here's the amount of money you're going to spend and you're going to make it work. And you can figure out where you're going to cut to fit into our box." So that's really dynamics that we've seen playing out there."

Economic sentiment needs to improve. Slootman added that sentiment needs to improve before data consumption does.

"The number one issue is sentiment out there, just the lack of visibility, the anxiety. Watching CNBC all day doesn't give you any hope. That's absolutely number one. And -- because what we're seeing is that when we're dealing with CTOs and the Chief Data Officers, these people are chomping at the bit, but they are now literally getting stomped."

Data retention policies are seen as cost saving measures. Mike Scarpelli, Snowflake's CFO, said consumption on the company's platform fell after Easter. Enterprise customers are scrutinizing Snowflake's cost and their storage bills. Scarpelli noted:

"Some organizations have re-evaluated their data retention policies to delete stale and less valuable data. This lowers their storage bill and reduces compute cost. We've worked with a few large customers more recently on these efforts and expect these trends to continue. History has shown that price performance benefits long-term consumption."

Scarpelli added that one customer changed data retention from 5 years to 3 years and that equates to petabytes of data. He also said that Snowflake's hyperscale partners are seeing similar moves from customers.

Older Snowflake customers, also known as more cloud mature, are optimizing the most. Scarpelli said older customers are spending less reversing what happened in the prior quarter. What Snowflake is seeing from its legacy customers may be similar to what AWS is also facing.

Slootman said Amazon is a large percentage of overall Snowflake deployments.

Enterprises are pulling back on their data strategies for now. Snowflake's business model is based on consumption and customers using less data. "In a consumption model, customers have the ability to dial it back and they can increase it as well too when they get more confidence in their business," said Scarpelli.

Vendors like Snowflake will also become more efficient. Scarpelli said Snowflake moved customers to AWS Graviton 2 instances to become more efficient. As a result, the amount of storage used is down even though queries are growing.

AI needs will grow IT spending as soon as sentiment improves. "There's plenty of demand out there, absolutely. And with AI right now it's going to drive a whole other vector in terms of workload development. It's going to be hard to stop, CFOs or no CFO," said Slootman.

Larry Dignan

Editor in Chief of Constellation Insights Constellation Research

About Larry Dignan: Dignan was most recently Celonis Media’s Editor-in-Chief, where he sat at the intersection of media and marketing. He is the former Editor-in-Chief of ZDNet and has covered the technology industry and transformation trends for more than two decades, publishing articles in CNET, Knowledge@Wharton, Wall Street Week, Interactive Week, The New York Times, and Financial Planning. He is also an Adjunct Professor at Temple University and a member of the Advisory Board for The Fox Business School's Institute of Business and Information Technology.  Constellation Insights does the following: Cover the buy side and sell side of enterprise tech with news, analysis, profiles, interviews, and event coverage of vendors, as well as Constellation Research's community and…...

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Nvidia, which is considered one of the primary infrastructure plays for artificial intelligence, reported a better-than-expected first quarter and raised its outlook.

The company reported first quarter earnings of 82 cents a share on revenue of $7.19 billion, down 13% from a year ago. Non-GAAP earnings were $1.09 a share. Wall Street was expecting Nvidia to report first quarter non-GAAP earnings of 92 cents a share on revenue of $6.53 billion.

Nvidia's second quarter outlook also reflected a boom in AI infrastructure investment. Nvidia projected revenue in the second quarter of $11 billion. For the second quarter, Nvidia was expected to report earnings of $1.07 a share on revenue of $7.17 billion.

Jensen Huang, founder and CEO of Nvidia, said:

"The computer industry is going through two simultaneous transitions — accelerated computing and generative AI. When generative AI came along it triggered a killer app for accelerated computing. In the future, it's clear now that generative AI will be primary workload and that the budget of a data center will shift toward accelerated computing. We're seeing incredible orders to retool the world's data centers. It's a 10-year transition to reclaim the world's data centers."

Add it up and Nvidia is seeing a data center surge in spending and racing to provide supply of its H100, Grace CPU, Grace Hopper Superchip, NVLink, Quantum 400 InfiniBand and BlueField-3 DPU lineup.

Speaking on an analyst conference call, CFO Colette Kress said "generative AI is driving exponential growth for our accelerated computing." She said visibility into demand goes out a few quarters and Nvidia has been busy procuring supplies to meet it. 

Specifically she noted: 

• Cloud service providers are driving strong demand/
• Consumer Internet companies are investing in generative AI and infrastructure.
• Enterprise demand for AI infrastructure is strong from industries such as automotive and financial services as companies develop their own models. 

Constellation Research CEO Ray Wang weighed in on the Nvidia results:

"Nvidia is in the right place at the right time. GPU's are the best price/value equation today for Generative AI The future may be TPU’s but the price value equation is not as competitive yet. Both Gaming and Data center markets are entering a new product cycle with H100 GPUs. As we get to Chat GPT 5.0, a trillion parameters won’t be possible without GPUs."

Data center revenue was $4.28 billion in the first quarter, up 14% from a year ago.

In recent months, Nvidia has outlined a series of key enterprise AI partnerships as it plays the long game with generative AI and cloud giants. These partnerships include:

• Nvidia said it will integrate its AI Enterprise software into Microsoft's Azure Machine Learning.
• ServiceNow and Nvidia formed a partnership to develop large language models formed specifically for the ServiceNow Platform, which automates workflows.
• Google Cloud said it would offer new A3 Virtual Machines based on Nvidia's H100 GPUs.

Google I/O 2023: Google makes its generative AI case, Bard becomes ingredient brand | At Google I/O 2023, Google Cloud launches Duet AI, Vertex AI enhancements

While AI optimism has been driving Nvidia shares, it has also made a few quantum computing advances. NVIDIA, Rolls-Royce and Classiq, a quantum software company, said they designed and simulated the largest quantum computing circuit for computational fluid dynamics. Nvidia also announced a new system built with Quantum Machines to bring together quantum computing and its accelerated computing platform.

Ray Wang's take

The AI narrative is driving valuations.

"The war for AI mindshare in a post ChatGPT world is what’s driving tech valuations higher. While Microsoft kick started a war with Google, the reality is that Microsoft may not win the war as it’s servers are the oldest and it’s not taking a responsible approach to AI. We've had numerous reports of performance issues on Teams, Office 365, and other Microsoft services."

"Google has the best team, the best tech, but has been too slow to roll out offerings. The recent Google I/O event showed why they have the lead with better language models, higher precision in data, and more modern data centers. They had to create a division to get it all together, so this horse race is now more interesting."

Winners and losers

1. General AI: Big race between Google and Microsoft

2. AI chips: Nvidia’s GPU’s and Google’s TPU’s will play a bigger role over time.

3. Business software:

• Oracle – a lot of capabilities embedded in their offerings.
• C3 – true enterprise AI platform.
• ServiceNow – a platform for building AI offerings.

4. Internet

• Meta – Using AI to drive better offers.
• Amazon – From warehouse to cloud offerings.